#### [SOLVED] Total spin of two spin-$1/2$ particles

By Landau

$S_{z-tot}\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2)=[S_{1z}+S_{2z}]\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2)=[S_{1z}\chi_+(1)]\chi_+(2)+[S_2\chi_+(2)]\chi_+(1)=...$

Now, I have two questions:

• What's $\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2)$ ? I know that $\chi_+=(1,0)$ but I really don't understand that writing (what is a product between vectors?!). Is it maybe just a way to indicate a vector in $C^4$? Or instead it is a matrix or other?
• What's $S_{z-tot}$? Is it 2x2 matrix or a, 4x4 matrix or other?

I also don't understand why the book distinguishes $S_{1z}$ and $S_{2z}$, aren't them the same 2x2 matrix defined for the single electron?

Thanks for your attenction and please answer in a simple way (I'm a begginer in these subjects).

#### @Frobenius 2017-06-29 22:48:07

You must study about product states, product space of two (linear) spaces, product of linear transformations etc (product symbol $\;'\otimes\;'$) $$\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2) \equiv \chi_+(1) \otimes\chi_+(2) \tag{01}$$ $$S_{z-tot}= S_{1z}+S_{2z}\equiv \left(S_{1z} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2z}\right) \tag{02}$$

\begin{align} &S_{z-tot}\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2)=[S_{1z}+S_{2z}]\chi_+(1)\chi_+(2) \nonumber\\ &\equiv \left[\left(S_{1z} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2z}\right)\right]\left[\chi_+(1) \otimes\chi_+(2)\right] \nonumber\\ &=\left(S_{1z} \otimes I_2\right)\left[\chi_+(1) \otimes\chi_+(2)\right]+\left(I_1 \otimes S_{2z}\right)\left[\chi_+(1) \otimes\chi_+(2)\right] \nonumber\\ &=\left[S_{1z}\chi_+(1)\right] \otimes\chi_+(2)+\chi_+(1) \otimes\left[S_{2z}\chi_+(2)\right] \tag{03} \end{align}

A representation : $$\chi_+(1)= \begin{bmatrix} \xi_1\\ \xi_2 \end{bmatrix}\;,\; \chi_+(2)= \begin{bmatrix} \eta_1\\ \eta_2 \end{bmatrix} \quad \Longrightarrow \quad \chi_+(1) \otimes\chi_+(2) = \begin{bmatrix} \xi_1 \eta_1\\ \xi_1 \eta_2\\ \xi_2 \eta_1\\ \xi_2 \eta_2 \end{bmatrix} \tag{04}$$ Now \begin{align} & S_{1z}= \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{bmatrix}\;,\; I_2= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \nonumber\\ &\quad \Rightarrow \quad S_{1z} \otimes I_2= \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11}\cdot\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} & a_{12}\cdot\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\\ &\\ a_{21}\cdot\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} & a_{22}\cdot\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{bmatrix} \nonumber\\ &\quad \Rightarrow \quad S_{1z} \otimes I_2= \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & 0 & a_{12} & 0\\ 0 & a_{11} & 0 & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & 0 & a_{22} & 0\\ 0 & a_{21} & 0 & a_{22} \end{bmatrix} \tag{05} \end{align} and \begin{align} & I_1= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\;,\; S_{2z}= \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix} \nonumber\\ &\quad \Rightarrow \quad I_1 \otimes S_{2z}= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1\cdot \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix}&0\cdot\begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix}\\ &\\ 0\cdot\begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix}& 1\cdot\begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12}\\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix} \end{bmatrix} \nonumber\\ &\quad \Rightarrow \quad I_1 \otimes S_{2z}= \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} & 0 & 0\\ b_{21} & b_{22} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{11} & b_{12}\\ 0 & 0 & b_{21} & b_{22} \end{bmatrix} \tag{06} \end{align} From equations (05) and (06) $$S_{z-tot}=\left(S_{1z} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2z}\right)= \begin{bmatrix} \left(a_{11}+b_{11}\right) & b_{12} & a_{12} & 0\\ b_{21} & \left(a_{11}+b_{22}\right) & 0 & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & 0 & \left(a_{22}+b_{11}\right) & b_{12}\\ 0 & a_{21} & b_{21} & \left(a_{22}+b_{22}\right) \end{bmatrix} \tag{07}$$ If for example $$S_{1z}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 &\!\!\! -\!1 \end{bmatrix}\;,\; S_{2z}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 &\!\!\! -\!1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{08}$$ then $$S_{z-tot}=\left(S_{1z} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2z}\right)= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 &\!\!\! -\!1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{09}$$ The matrix in (09) is already diagonal with eigenvalues 1,0,0,-1. Rearranging rows and columns we have
$$S'_{z-tot}= \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c|cccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ \hline 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \!\!\!\!-\!1 \end{array} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c|c} S_{z}^{(j=0)} & 0_{1\times 3}\\ \hline 0_{3\times1} & S_{z}^{(j=1)} \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{10}$$ because, as could be proved(1), the product 4-dimensional Hilbert space is the direct sum of two orthogonal spaces : the 1-dimensional space of the angular momentum $\;j=0\;$ and the 3-dimensional space of the angular momentum $\;j=1\;$ : $$\boldsymbol{2}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\boldsymbol{2}=\boldsymbol{1}\boldsymbol{\oplus}\boldsymbol{3} \tag{11}$$ In general for two independent angular momenta $\;j_{\alpha}\;$ and $\;j_{\beta}\;$, living in the $\;\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)-$ dimensional and $\;\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)-$ dimensional spaces $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\;$ and $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\;$ respectively, their coupling is achieved by constructing the $\;\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)\cdot\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)-$ dimensional product space $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\;$
$$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\equiv \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{12}$$ Then the product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\:$ is expressed as the direct sum of $\:n\:$ mutually orthogonal subspaces $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\: (\rho=1,2,\cdots,n-1,n)$ $$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\equiv \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} = \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\boldsymbol{\oplus}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{2}} \boldsymbol{\oplus} \cdots \boldsymbol{\oplus} \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{n}}=\bigoplus_{{\boldsymbol{\rho}}={\boldsymbol{1}}}^{{\boldsymbol{\rho}}={\boldsymbol{n}}} \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\rho}} \tag{13}$$ where the subspace $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\:$ corresponds to angular momentum $\;j_{\rho}\;$ and has dimension $$\dim \left(\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\right) =2\cdot j_{\rho}+1 \tag{14}$$ with \begin{align} j_{\rho} & = \vert j_{\beta}-j_{\alpha} \vert +\rho - 1\: , \quad \rho=1,2,\cdots,n-1,n \tag{15a}\\ n & =2\cdot\min (j_{\alpha}, j_{\beta})+1 \tag{15b} \end{align} Equation (13) is expressed also in terms of the dimensions of spaces and subspaces as : $$(2j_{\alpha}+1)\boldsymbol{\otimes} (2j_{\beta}+1)=\bigoplus_{\rho=1}^{\rho=n}(2j_{\rho}+1) \tag{16}$$ Equation (11) is a special case of equation (16) : $$j_{\alpha}=\tfrac{1}{2} \:,\:j_{\beta}=\tfrac{1}{2} \: \quad \Longrightarrow \quad \: j_{1}=0 \:,\: j_{2}=1 \tag{17}$$

(1) the square of total angular momentum $\mathbf{S}^2$ expressed in the basis of its common with $\:S_{z-tot}\:$ eigenvectors has the following diagonal form : $$\mathbf{S'}^2= \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c|cccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ \hline 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{array} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c|c} \left(\mathbf{S'}^2\right)^{(j=0)} & 0_{1\times 3}\\ \hline 0_{3\times1} & \left(\mathbf{S'}^2\right)^{(j=1)} \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{10'}$$ since for $$S_{1x}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\;,\; S_{2x}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{18}$$ $$S_{1y}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 &\!\!\! -\!i\\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix}\;,\; S_{2y}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 &\!\!\! -\!i\\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{19}$$ we have $$S_{x-tot}=\left(S_{1x} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2x}\right) =\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{20}$$ $$S_{y-tot}=\left(S_{1y} \otimes I_2\right)+ \left(I_1 \otimes S_{2y}\right)=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\! -\!i & \!\!\! -\!i & 0\\ i & 0 & 0 & \!\!\! -\!i \\ i & 0 & 0 & \!\!\! -\!i \\ 0 & i & i & 0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{21}$$ and consequently \begin{align} S^{2}_{x-tot} & =\tfrac{1}{4} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{2} =\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{22x}\\ S^{2}_{y-tot} & =\tfrac{1}{4} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\! -\!i & \!\!\! -\!i & 0\\ i & 0 & 0 & \!\!\! -\!i \\ i & 0 & 0 & \!\!\! -\!i \\ 0 & i & i & 0 \end{bmatrix}^2 =\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & \!\!\! -\!1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ \!\!\! -\!1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{22y}\\ S^{2}_{z-tot} & =\quad \!\! \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 &\!\!\!-\!1 \end{bmatrix}^{2} =\quad \!\! \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{22z} \end{align} From $$\mathbf{S}^{2}_{tot}=S^{2}_{x-tot}+S^{2}_{y-tot}+S^{2}_{z-tot} \tag{23}$$ we have finally $$\mathbf{S}^{2}_{tot}= \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \tag{24}$$ For its eigenvalues $\lambda$ $$\det\left(\mathbf{S}^{2}_{tot}-\lambda I_{4}\right)= \begin{vmatrix} 2-\lambda & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1-\lambda & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1-\lambda & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2-\lambda \end{vmatrix} =-\lambda \left(2-\lambda \right)^{3} \tag{25}$$ So the eigenvalues of $\;\mathbf{S}^{2}_{tot}\;$ are: the eigenvalue $\lambda_{1}=0=j_{1}\left(j_{1}+1\right)$ with multiplicity 1 and the eigenvalue $\lambda_{2}=2=j_{2}\left(j_{2}+1\right)$ with multiplicity 3.

#### @NickD 2017-07-09 17:19:42

That is a very good answer (and a lot of work - and I haven't even looked at parts 2 and 3 yet). When is the book coming out?

#### @NickD 2017-07-09 21:24:11

The book part was very much tongue-in-cheek. I've already upvoted your answer but I will now upvote the question for bringing out this answer. Thank you.

#### @knzhou 2018-07-16 20:44:32

I have to ask: I write a lot of LaTeX myself, and writing this much would be very difficult for me. Do you have a special LaTeX workflow that speeds it up? There's no way you write it in the browser, right?

#### @Frobenius 2018-07-16 21:25:10

@knzhou In many answers of mine, like the ones here, I had already written in LaTeX (TexLive 2015 or 2016 or 2017 using Texmaker) the main equations and text. But to write the code with Texmaker-TexLive for new answers was very difficult and time consuming. Of course it's impossible to write it in the browser because it would be annoying to have your answer perpetually on the front page.

#### @Frobenius 2018-07-16 21:25:39

@knzhou So, I was lucky to find an online editor : Overleaf (first v1 and later v2). You edit and the compilation is direct and online showing you your probable mistakes. Completing your answer you copy-paste LaTeX code in PSE. See images here : Overleaf v2

#### @knzhou 2018-07-16 21:53:05

@Frobenius Even with a nicer editor like Overleaf, that still looks like a lot of work! I imagined you had lots of macros, autocomplete, etc. ?

#### @Frobenius 2018-07-16 22:02:02

@knzhou Unfortunately NO. My only tool is my many years experience in LaTeX.

#### @Frobenius 2017-07-08 09:10:11

S E C O N D___ A N S W E R

Abstract

This answer concerns the theory of product states, product spaces and product transformations in general and especially its application to the coupling of two angular momenta. For if $j_{\alpha}$ and $j_{\beta}$ are (nonnegative) integers or half-integers representing angular momenta living in the $\;\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)-$ dimensional and $\;\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)-$ dimensional spaces $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\;$ and $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\;$ respectively, expressions like this $$J_{3}=J^{\alpha}_{3}+J^{\beta}_{3} \tag{01}$$ have no sense since $J^{\alpha}_{3}$ and $J^{\beta}_{3}$ are operators acting on different spaces and if $j_{\alpha}\ne j_{\beta}$ of different dimensions too. Coupling is achieved by constructing the $\;\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)\cdot\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)-$ dimensional product space $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\;$
$$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\equiv \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{02}$$ from the product states. Following a proper method, operators on different spaces, such as $J^{\alpha}_{3}$ and $J^{\beta}_{3}$ above, are extended to operate on the product space $\;\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}$.

SECTION A : Product Spaces

Let two systems $\alpha$ and $\beta$ with angular momentum $j_{\alpha}$ and $j_{\beta}$ respectively. We suppose that the two systems are independent between each other.

If in system $\alpha$ the basic vectors $\mathbf{a}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}}$ are the common eigenvectors of $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\alpha}\right)^{2}$ and $J^{\alpha}_{3}$: \begin{align} \mathbf{a}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & =\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \nonumber\\ m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & =j_{\alpha}-\imath+1 \tag{03}\\ \imath & = 1,2,\cdots,2j_{\alpha},2j_{\alpha}+1 \nonumber \end{align} then the space of states of system $\alpha$ is the $r=\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)$-dimensional complex Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\xi}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}: \boldsymbol{\xi}= \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\mathbf{a}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} =\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}} \right\}, \quad r=2j_{\alpha}+1 \tag{04}$$ This space is essentially identical to $\mathbb{C}^{r}$ with the usual inner product $$\langle \boldsymbol{\xi},\boldsymbol{\psi}\rangle_{\alpha} \equiv\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\psi_{\imath}^{\boldsymbol{*}} \tag{05}$$ where $\;\psi_{\imath}^{\boldsymbol{*}}\;$ the complex conjugate of $\;\psi_{\imath}$.

In system $\alpha$ the component $J^{\alpha}_{3}$ and the square of the angular momentum vector $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\alpha}\right)^{2}$ are represented relatively to basis $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}$ by the $r \times r=\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)\times \left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)$ diagonal matrices

$$J^{\alpha}_{3} = \begin{bmatrix} j_{\alpha} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & j_{\alpha}-1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & m_{\alpha} & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & -j_{\alpha} \end{bmatrix}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \tag{06}$$ and $$\left(\mathbf{J}^{\alpha}\right)^{2}=\left(J^{\alpha}_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\alpha}_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\alpha}_{3}\right)^{2}= j_{\alpha}\left( j_{\alpha}+1\right)\cdot \mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{a}} \tag{07}$$ where $\mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{a}}$ the $r \times r=\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)\times \left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)$ identity matrix.

If in system $\beta$ the basic vectors $\mathbf{b}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}$ are the common eigenvectors of $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\beta}\right)^{2}$ and $J^{\beta}_{3}$: \begin{align} \mathbf{b}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & =\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \nonumber\\ m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & =j_{\beta}-\jmath+1 \tag{08}\\ \jmath & = 1,2,\cdots,2j_{\beta}, 2j_{\beta}+1 \nonumber \end{align} then the space of states of system $\beta$ is the $s =\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)$-dimensional complex Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\eta}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}}: \boldsymbol{\eta}= \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\imath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\mathbf{b}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} =\sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right\}, \quad s=2j_{\beta}+1 \tag{09}$$ This space is essentially identical to $\mathbb{C}^{s}$ with the usual inner product $$\langle \boldsymbol{\eta},\boldsymbol{\phi}\rangle_{\beta} \equiv\sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=r}\eta_{\jmath}\phi_{\jmath}^{\boldsymbol{*}} \tag{10}$$ where $\;\phi_{\jmath}^{\boldsymbol{*}}\;$ the complex conjugate of $\;\phi_{\jmath}$.

In system $\beta$ the component $J^{\beta}_{3}$ and the square of the angular momentum vector $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\beta}\right)^{2}$ are represented relatively to basis $\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}$ by the $s \times s=\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)\times \left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)$ diagonal matrices

$$J^{\beta}_{3} = \begin{bmatrix} j_{\beta} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & j_{\beta}-1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & m_{\beta} & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & -j_{\beta} \end{bmatrix}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{11}$$ and $$\left(\mathbf{J}^{\beta}\right)^{2}=\left(J^{\beta}_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\beta}_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\beta}_{3}\right)^{2}= j_{\beta}\left( j_{\beta}+1\right)\cdot \mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{b}} \tag{12}$$ where $\mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{b}}$ the $s \times s=\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)\times \left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)$ identity matrix.

So let the system $\alpha$ be in a state $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ $$\boldsymbol{\xi}= \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\mathbf{a}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \quad,\quad \Vert\boldsymbol{\xi}\Vert^{2}= \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\vert\xi_{\imath}\vert^{2}=1 \tag{13}$$
and system $\beta$ be in a state $\boldsymbol{\eta}$ $$\boldsymbol{\eta}= \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\imath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\mathbf{b}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} \quad,\quad \Vert\boldsymbol{\eta}\Vert^{2}= \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s}\vert\eta_{\jmath}\vert^{2}=1 \tag{14}$$ Since

1. The probability amplitude of system $\alpha$ to be in eigenstate $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}$ is $\xi_{\imath}$

2. The probability amplitude of system $\beta$ to be in eigenstate $\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}$ is $\eta_{\jmath}$ and

3. The system $\alpha$ being in eigenstate $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}$ is statistically independent of the system $\beta$ being in eigenstate $\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}$

it's reasonable to say that the composite system $f$ is in a product state, let the symbol $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{\jmath}$, with probability amplitude the product $\xi_{\imath}\cdot\eta_{\jmath}$ of the probability amplitudes of the parts.

Including all possible combinations $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{\jmath}$ we can say that the composite system is in a product state as follows \begin{align} \boldsymbol{\chi} = \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} & =\left( \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\mathbf{a}_{\imath}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes}\left( \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\right)= \sum_{\imath,\jmath=1,1}^{\imath,\jmath=r,s}\xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath}\left( \mathbf{a}_{\imath} \boldsymbol{\otimes }\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\right) \tag{15a}\\ \Vert\boldsymbol{\chi}\Vert^{2} & = \sum_{\imath,\jmath=1,1}^{\imath,\jmath=r,s}\vert\xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath}\vert^{2}=\left(\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\vert\xi_{\imath}\vert^{2}\right)\cdot\left(\sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s}\vert\eta_{\jmath}\vert^{2}\right)=1\cdot1=1 \tag{15b} \end{align} From above equation we conclude that the $\;r\cdot s\;$ states \begin{align} \mathbf{e}_{1} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{1} =\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \nonumber\\ \mathbf{e}_{2} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{2} = \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\!-\!1 \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \nonumber\\ \cdots &\equiv \quad \cdots \quad \: = \qquad \qquad \cdots \nonumber\\ \mathbf{e}_{k} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\: = \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\!-\!\imath\!+\!1 \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\!-\!\jmath \!+\!1\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{16}\\ \cdots &\equiv \quad \cdots \quad \: = \qquad \qquad \cdots \nonumber\\ \mathbf{e}_{rs} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{r}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{s} =\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,-j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,-j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \nonumber \end{align} as by pair mutually excluded can be consider as basic state vectors of the composite system $f$ and the product state $\boldsymbol{\chi}$ of equation (15) can be expressed as $$\boldsymbol{\chi} =\sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\mathbf{e}_{k} \tag{17}$$ that is, it has relatively to this basis $\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,\cdots,rs\rbrace$ the following coordinates
$$\boldsymbol{\chi}= \begin{bmatrix} \chi_{1} \\ \chi_{2} \\ \vdots \\ \chi_{k} \\ \vdots \\ \chi_{rs} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{e}}= \begin{bmatrix} \xi_{1}\eta_{1} \\ \xi_{1}\eta_{2} \\ \vdots \\ \xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath} \\ \vdots \\ \xi_{r}\eta_{s} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{e}}= \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \tag{18}$$ The last equation is the guide to construct the product state $\;\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\;$ according to the following scheme : \begin{align} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \rightarrow \boldsymbol{\xi}\boldsymbol{\eta}^{T} & = \begin{bmatrix} \xi_{1} \\ \xi_{2} \\ \vdots \\ \xi_{\imath} \\ \vdots \\ \xi_{r} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \eta_{1} & \eta_{2} & \cdots & \eta_{\jmath} & \cdots & \eta_{s} \end{bmatrix} \nonumber\\ & = \begin{bmatrix} \xi_{1}\eta_{1} & \xi_{1}\eta_{2} & \cdots &\xi_{1}\eta_{\jmath} & \cdots & \xi_{1}\eta_{s} \\ \xi_{2}\eta_{1} & \xi_{2}\eta_{2} & \cdots & \xi_{2}\eta_{\jmath} & \cdots & \xi_{2}\eta_{s} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \xi_{\imath}\eta_{1} & \xi_{\imath}\eta_{2} & \cdots & \xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath} & \cdots & \xi_{\imath}\eta_{s} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \xi_{r}\eta_{1} & \xi_{r}\eta_{2} & \cdots & \xi_{r}\eta_{\jmath} & \cdots & \xi_{r}\eta_{s} \end{bmatrix} \tag{19} \end{align} The $r\cdot s$ elements of the last matrix are the coordinates of the product state $\:\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\:$ relatively to the basis $\:\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,\cdots,rs\rbrace$. An ordering of these elements is made by transposing the rows of this matrix one after the other, see as shown in the figure below. This is according to the following one-to-one correspondence \begin{align} (\imath,\jmath)\quad &\boldsymbol{\longrightarrow} \quad \:\:\: k =(\imath\!\!-\!\!1)s+\jmath \tag{20a}\\ k \:\:\: \quad & \boldsymbol{\longrightarrow} \quad (\imath,\jmath) = \begin{cases} \bigl(k/s\:\:,\:\: s\bigr) & \text{for $k/s=\left[k/s\right]$} \\ \bigl(\left[k/s\right]\!\!+\!\!1\:\:,\:\: k\!\!-\!\!\left[k/s\right]s\bigr) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \tag{20b}\\ \imath=1,2,3\cdots,r\!\!-\!\!1,r \quad \quad & \jmath=1,2,3\cdots,s\!\!-\!\!1,s \quad \quad k=1,2,3\cdots,rs\!\!-\!\!1,rs \tag{20c} \end{align} where $\;\left[k/s\right]\;$ the integer part of $\;\left(k/s\right)\;$, that is the greater integer less than or equal to $\;\left(k/s\right)$.

This ordering appears in equation (18) where $$\chi_{k}=\xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath}, \qquad k=(\imath-1)s+\jmath \tag{21}$$

Now, selecting all product states in one set $\mathcal{H}$ $$\mathcal{H} \equiv \lbrace \; \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \; : \;\boldsymbol{\xi} \in \mathsf{H}_{\alpha},\; \boldsymbol{\eta} \in \mathsf{H}_{\beta}\rbrace \tag{22}$$ is not a good practice since this space is not even a linear space. Instead of this we select in a space $\;\mathsf{H}_{f}\;$ all the linear combinations of the basic product states $\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,3,\cdots,rs\rbrace$ as defined in equations (16) : $$\mathsf{H}_{f}\equiv \lbrace \; \boldsymbol{\chi} \; : \;\boldsymbol{\chi}=\sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\mathbf{e}_{k},\;\chi_{k} \in \mathbb{C} \rbrace \tag{23}$$ But as so defined the space $\;\mathsf{H}_{f}\;$ is identical to $\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{rs}}$ and turns to be a Hilbert space by the usual inner product $$\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\chi},\boldsymbol{\omega}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{f}} \equiv \sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\omega_{k}^{\boldsymbol{*}} \qquad \boldsymbol{\chi},\boldsymbol{\omega}\in \mathsf{H}_{f}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{rs}} \tag{24}$$ and induced norm $$\Vert \boldsymbol{\chi}\Vert^{2}=\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\chi},\boldsymbol{\chi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{f}} = \sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\chi_{k}^{\boldsymbol{*}}= \sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\vert\chi_{k}\vert^{2} \qquad \boldsymbol{\chi} \in \mathsf{H}_{f}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{rs}} \tag{25}$$ Note that the inner product (24) is compatible to the following definition for the inner product between product states $\; \boldsymbol{\chi}=\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\;$ and $\;\boldsymbol{\omega}=\boldsymbol{\psi}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\phi}\;$ : \begin{align} \boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\chi},\boldsymbol{\omega}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{f}} & =\sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\omega_{k}^{\boldsymbol{*}} =\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta},\boldsymbol{\psi}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\phi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s} \left(\xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath} \right)\left(\psi_{\imath}\phi_{\jmath} \right)^{\boldsymbol{*}} \nonumber\\ &=\left(\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r} \xi_{\imath}\psi_{\imath}^{\boldsymbol{*}}\right)\left( \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s} \eta_{\jmath}\phi_{\jmath} ^{\boldsymbol{*}}\right) =\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\xi},\boldsymbol{\psi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\eta},\boldsymbol{\phi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{26} \end{align} that is $$\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta},\boldsymbol{\psi}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\phi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{f}}= \boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\xi},\boldsymbol{\psi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\langle}\boldsymbol{\eta},\boldsymbol{\phi}\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{27}$$ and for the norm of a product state $$\Vert \boldsymbol{\chi}\Vert^{2}=\Vert\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \Vert_{\boldsymbol{f}}^{2}=\Vert\boldsymbol{\xi}\Vert_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}^{2}\Vert\boldsymbol{\eta}\Vert_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}^{2} \tag{28}$$ So if the two states are normalized, that is $\:\Vert\boldsymbol{\xi}\Vert_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}^{2}=1=\Vert\boldsymbol{\eta}\Vert_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}^{2}\:$, then the product state is also normalized $\:\Vert\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \Vert_{\boldsymbol{f}}^{2}=1\:$. This is consistent with the total probability to be equal to 1.

Having in mind the definitions (04), (09) of the Hilbert spaces $\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}$,$\mathsf{H}_{\beta}$ respectively and the definitions (16)of the basic product states $\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,3,\cdots,rs\rbrace$, we call the Hilbert space $\mathsf{H}_{f}$ defined by (23) the product space of $\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}$,$\mathsf{H}_{\beta}$ $$\mathsf{H}_{f}\equiv \mathsf{H}_{\alpha}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\beta} \tag{29}$$ Note that since $\mathsf{H}_{f}$, $\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}$ and $\mathsf{H}_{\beta}$ are identical to $\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{rs}}$,$\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}$ and $\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}}$ respectively with the usual inner products, equation (29) may be expressed as
$$\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{rs}}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}} \tag{30}$$ Product of spaces must not be confused with their cartesian product as shown below $$\mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}\times \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r+s}}\neq \mathbb{C}^{rs}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}} \tag{31}$$

#### @Emilio Pisanty 2017-07-12 22:21:10

I think this set of answers is completely overblown w.r.t. the original question, and the OP is a terrible place to kick off a detailed textbook treatment of this topic, but that's ultimately up to you. However, seventy-six edits over two weeks is a good deal over the line $-$ if you're going to do further edits, please package them up into a rate of edits that won't keep this thread perpetually on the front page.

#### @walczyk 2019-01-09 06:16:52

@EmilioPisanty Luckily Google has brought me here, and hopefully this becomes written down somewhere. It's a better treatment than in any grad qm textbook i've seen.

#### @Frobenius 2017-07-10 08:34:54

F I F T H___ A N S W E R

(continued from F O U R T H___ A N S W E R )

Example

Let the system $\;\alpha\;$ be a particle $\;p_{\alpha}\;$ with spin $\;j_{\alpha}=1/2\;$ and the system $\;\beta\;$ be a particle $\;p_{\beta}\;$ with orbital angular momentum or spin $\;j_{\beta}=1$. Alternatively, the system $\;\beta\;$ may be the same particle $\;p_{\alpha}\;$ with orbital angular momentum $\;j_{\beta}=1$.

So, in system $\;\alpha\;$ $$J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{1}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{2}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\!-i \\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}=\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-01}$$ and $$\left(\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\right)^{2}=\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\right)^{2}= j_{\alpha}\left( j_{\alpha}+1\right)\cdot \mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{a}}=\tfrac{3}{4} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-02}$$ The basic vectors $\mathbf{a}_{\imath}\: (\imath=1,2)$ are the common eigenvectors of $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\alpha}\right)^{2}$ and $J^{\alpha}_{3}$ : \begin{align} \mathbf{a}_{1} & = \left|j_{\alpha},m^{\alpha}_{1} \right\rangle_{\!a}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!a} \tag{Ex-03.1}\\ \mathbf{a}_{2} & = \left|j_{\alpha},m^{\alpha}_{2} \right\rangle_{\!a}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}_{\!a} \tag{Ex-03.2} \end{align} A state of system $\alpha$ is represented by a 2-dimensional complex vector $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ \begin{align} \boldsymbol{\xi} & = \xi_{1}\mathbf{a}_{1}\!\!+\!\xi_{2}\mathbf{a}_{2}=\xi_{1}\left|j_{\alpha},m^{\alpha}_{1} \right\rangle_{\!a}\!\!+\!\xi_{2}\left|j_{\alpha},m^{\alpha}_{2} \right\rangle_{\!a} \nonumber\\ & = \xi_{1}\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\!\!+\!\xi_{2}\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a} = \xi_{1}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!a} \!\!+\! \xi_{2}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}_{\!a} = \begin{bmatrix} \xi_{1} \\ \xi_{2} \end{bmatrix}_{\!a} \tag{Ex-04} \end{align} in Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\xi}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{2}}: \boldsymbol{\xi}= \xi_{1}\mathbf{a}_{1}+\xi_{2}\mathbf{a}_{2} \right\} \tag{Ex-05}$$

In system $\;\beta\;$ $$J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{1}=\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{2}=\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\!-i & 0 \\ i & 0 & \!\!\!-i \\ 0 & i & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-06}$$ and $$\left(\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)^{2}=\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\right)^{2}= j_{\beta}\left( j_{\beta}+1\right)\cdot \mathrm{I}_{\mathbf{b}}=2 \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-07}$$ The basic vectors $\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\: (\jmath=1,2,3)$ are the common eigenvectors of $\left(\mathbf{J}^{\beta}\right)^{2}$ and $J^{\beta}_{3}$ : \begin{align} \mathbf{b}_{1} & = \left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{1} \right\rangle_{\!b}=\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \tag{Ex-08.1}\\ \mathbf{b}_{2} & = \left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{2} \right\rangle_{\!b}=\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \tag{Ex-08.2}\\ \mathbf{b}_{3} & = \left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{3} \right\rangle_{\!b}=\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \tag{Ex-08.3} \end{align} A state of system $\beta$ is represented by a 3-dimensional complex vector $\boldsymbol{\eta}$ \begin{align} \boldsymbol{\eta} & =\eta_{1}\mathbf{b}_{1}\!+\!\eta_{2}\mathbf{b}_{2}\!+\!\eta_{3}\mathbf{b}_{3}= \eta_{1}\left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{1}\right\rangle_{\!b}\!+\!\eta_{2} \left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{2} \right\rangle_{\!b}\!+\!\eta_{3}\left|j_{\beta},m^{\beta}_{3} \right\rangle_{\!b} \nonumber\\ & = \eta_{1}\!\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}\!+\!\eta_{2}\!\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b}\!+\!\eta_{3}\!\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} \!=\! \eta_{1}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \!\!\!\!+\!\eta_{2}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \!\!\!\!+\!\eta_{3}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \!=\! \begin{bmatrix} \eta_{1} \\ \eta_{2} \\ \eta_{3} \end{bmatrix}_{\!b} \tag{Ex-09} \end{align} in Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{\beta}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\eta}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{3}}: \boldsymbol{\eta} =\eta_{1}\mathbf{b}_{1}+\eta_{2}\mathbf{b}_{2}+\eta_{3}\mathbf{b}_{3} \right\} \tag{Ex-10}$$

According to the general equations (15) a product state of the composite system is $$\boldsymbol{\chi} = \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}=\left( \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=2}\xi_{\imath}\mathbf{a}_{\imath}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes}\left( \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=3}\eta_{\jmath}\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\right)= \sum_{\imath,\jmath=1,1}^{\imath,\jmath=2,3}\xi_{\imath}\eta_{\jmath}\left( \mathbf{a}_{\imath} \boldsymbol{\otimes }\mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\right) \tag{Ex-11}$$ with matrix representation, in agreement with equation (18) $$\boldsymbol{\chi}= \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c} \chi_{1} \\ \chi_{2} \\ \chi_{3} \\ \chi_{4}\\ \chi_{5}\\ \chi_{6} \end{array} \end{bmatrix}_{\!e}= \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c} \xi_{1}\eta_{1} \\ \xi_{1}\eta_{2} \\ \xi_{1}\eta_{3} \\ \xi_{2}\eta_{1} \\ \xi_{2}\eta_{2} \\ \xi_{2}\eta_{3} \end{array} \end{bmatrix}_{\!e}= \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \tag{Ex-12}$$ This representation is relatively to the basis $\:\left\lbrace \mathbf{e}_{k}\right\rbrace \:$ defined according to the general equations (16): \begin{align} \mathbf{e}_{1} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{1}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.1}\\ \mathbf{e}_{2} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{2}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.2}\\ \mathbf{e}_{3} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{3}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.3}\\ \mathbf{e}_{4} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{2}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{1}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.4}\\ \mathbf{e}_{5} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{2}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{2}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.5}\\ \mathbf{e}_{6} & \equiv \mathbf{a}_{2}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{3}=\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}^{\!\mathsf{T}} \tag{Ex-13.6} \end{align} where the symbol $\:\mathsf{T}\:$ means the Transpose.

According to the general equation (23) the product space is the 6-dimensional complex Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{f}=\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\beta}\equiv \lbrace \; \boldsymbol{\chi} \; : \;\boldsymbol{\chi}=\sum_{k=1}^{k=6}\chi_{k}\mathbf{e}_{k},\;\chi_{k} \in \mathbb{C} \rbrace \tag{Ex-14}$$ identical to $\mathbb{C}^{6}$.

From equation (69c) with the help of (47), both repeated here for convenience
$$J_{3} = \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\Bigr) \tag{69c}$$ $$\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11}\mathrm{B} & a_{12}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{1 \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{1r}\mathrm{B} \\ a_{21}\mathrm{B} & a_{22}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{2 \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{2r}\mathrm{B} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{\imath 1}\mathrm{B} & a_{\imath 2}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{\imath \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{\imath r}\mathrm{B}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1}\mathrm{B} & a_{r2}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{r \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{rr}\mathrm{B} \end{bmatrix} \tag{47}$$ and the matrix expressions of $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\:$ and $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\:$ in equations (Ex-01) and (Ex-06) respectively, we have \begin{align} \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr) & = \tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ & \\ 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \tfrac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \tfrac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \tfrac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-\tfrac{1}{2} & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-\tfrac{1}{2} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-\tfrac{1}{2} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-15.1}\\ \Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\Bigr)& =\quad \!\! \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ & \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \;1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \;1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-15.2} \end{align} Adding equations (15.1), (15.2) we find the following diagonal form of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ $$J_{\boldsymbol{3}} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cccccc} \!\!+\frac{3}{2}&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&\!\!+\frac{1}{2}&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&\!\!-\frac{1}{2}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&\!\!+\frac{1}{2}&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&\!\!-\frac{1}{2}&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&\!\!-\frac{3}{2} \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-16}$$ As expected its diagonal elements, that is its eigenvalues, are all possible sums $\;\left(m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) \;$ of the corresponding eigenvalues of its summands. These are the $\;2\cdot3\;$ combinations of \begin{align} m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & = +\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2} \tag{16.1a}\\ m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & = +1,0,-1 \tag{16.1b} \end{align} From general expression for $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\:$, equation (80), which we repeat here for convenience $$\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} =\bigl[ j_{\alpha}(j_{\alpha}+1)+ j_{\beta}(j_{\beta}+1) \bigr] \mathrm{I}_{f} +2\sum_{q=1}^{q=3}\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\Bigr) \tag{80}$$ we have for the first term of the right hand side the following scalar multiple of the $\:6 \times 6\:$ identity matrix $$\bigl[ j_{\alpha}(j_{\alpha}+1)+ j_{\beta}(j_{\beta}+1) \bigr] \mathrm{I}_{f}= \bigl(\tfrac{3}{4}+2 \bigr) \mathrm{I}_{f}= \tfrac{11}{4} \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cccccc} 1&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&1&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&1&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&1 \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-17}$$ while using the matrix representations of $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\:$ and $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\:$ for the three terms in series, equations (Ex-01) and (Ex-06) respectively, we have successively \begin{align} J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}} & = \tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} = \tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&0&0&1&0&1\\ 0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&1&0&0&0&0\\ 1&0&1&0&0&0\\ 0&1&0&0&0&0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-18.1}\\ J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}} & = \tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\!-i \\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \!\!\!-i & 0 \\ i & 0 & \!\!\!-i \\ 0 & i & 0 \end{bmatrix} =\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\!\! \begin{bmatrix} 0&0&0&0&\!\!\!\!-\!1&0\\ 0&0&0&1&0&\!\!\!\!-\!1\\ 0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&1&0&0&0&0\\ \!\!-\!1&0&1&0&0&0\\ 0&\!\!\!\!-\!1&0&0&0&0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-18.2}\\ J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}} & = \tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \!\!\!-1 \end{bmatrix} =\tfrac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&\!\!\!-\!1&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&\!\!\!-\!1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-18.3} \end{align} so adding equations (18) $$2\sum_{q=1}^{q=3}\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\Bigr)= \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&\sqrt{2}&0&0\\ 0&0&-1&0&\sqrt{2}&0\\ 0&\sqrt{2}&0&-1&0&0\\ 0&0&\sqrt{2}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-19}$$ while adding equations (17) and (19) we have finally for $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\:$ $$\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{15}{4}&0&0&0&0&0\\ 0&\frac{11}{4}&0&\sqrt{2}&0&0\\ 0&0&\frac{7}{4}&0&\sqrt{2}&0\\ 0&\sqrt{2}&0&\frac{7}{4}&0&0\\ 0&0&\sqrt{2}&0&\frac{11}{4}&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&\frac{15}{4} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-20}$$ Now, to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this $\;6\times 6 \;$ symmetric matrix $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\:$ is not so difficult as it seems from a first glance because :

1. The state $\:\mathbf{e}_{1}\:$ is a common eigenstate of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ and $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ of eigenvalue $\widetilde{m}_{1}=+\tfrac{3}{2}$ and $\:\widetilde{\lambda}_{1}=\tfrac{15}{4}=\tfrac{3}{2}\left(\tfrac{3}{2}+1\right)\:$ respectively : \begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\mathbf{e}_{1} & = \widetilde{m}_{1}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{1} =\left( +\tfrac{3}{2}\right) \cdot\mathbf{e}_{1} \tag{Ex-21a}\\ \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{1} & = \widetilde{\lambda}_{1}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{1}=\tfrac{15}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{1}=\tfrac{3}{2}\left(\tfrac{3}{2}+1\right)\cdot\mathbf{e}_{1} \tag{Ex-21b} \end{align}

The operator $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ leaves invariant the 1-dimensional eigenspace of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:\widetilde{m}_{1}=+\tfrac{3}{2}$, that is the subspace spanned by the state $\:\left\lbrace \mathbf{e}_{1}\right\rbrace$.

2. The state $\:\mathbf{e}_{6}\:$ is a common eigenstate of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ and $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ of eigenvalue $\widetilde{m}_{6}=-\tfrac{3}{2}$ and $\:\widetilde{\lambda}_{6}=\tfrac{15}{4}=\tfrac{3}{2}\left(\tfrac{3}{2}+1\right)\:$ respectively : \begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\mathbf{e}_{6} & = \widetilde{m}_{6}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{6}=\left( -\tfrac{3}{2}\right) \cdot\mathbf{e}_{6} \tag{Ex-22a}\\ \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{6} & = \widetilde{\lambda}_{6}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{6}=\tfrac{15}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{6}=\tfrac{3}{2}\left(\tfrac{3}{2}+1\right)\cdot\mathbf{e}_{6} \tag{Ex-22b} \end{align}

The operator $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ leaves invariant the 1-dimensional eigenspace of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:\widetilde{m}_{6}=-\tfrac{3}{2}$, that is the subspace spanned by the state $\:\left\lbrace \mathbf{e}_{6}\right\rbrace$.

3.The eigenstates $\:\mathbf{e}_{2}\:$ and $\:\mathbf{e}_{4}\:$ of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:+\tfrac{1}{2}\:$ are transformed by $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ to linear combinations of these same eigenstates \begin{align} \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{2} & = \tfrac{11}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{2}+\sqrt{2}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{4} \tag{Ex-23a}\\ \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{4} & = \sqrt{2}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{2}+\tfrac{7}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{4} \tag{Ex-23b} \end{align}

The operator $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ leaves invariant the 2-dimensional eigenspace of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:+\tfrac{1}{2}=\widetilde{m}_{2}=\widetilde{m}_{4}$, that is the subspace spanned by states $\:\left\lbrace \mathbf{e}_{2},\mathbf{e}_{4} \right\rbrace \:$. Its restriction on this subspace is represented by a real symmetric $\:2 \times 2\:$ matrix, so it has in this subspace two real eigenvalues which moreover are positive and different, see in the following.

4.The eigenstates $\:\mathbf{e}_{3}\:$ and $\:\mathbf{e}_{5}\:$ of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:-\tfrac{1}{2}\:$ are transformed by $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ to linear combinations of these same eigenstates \begin{align} \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{3} & = \tfrac{7}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{3}+\sqrt{2}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{5} \tag{Ex-24a}\\ \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\mathbf{e}_{5} & = \sqrt{2}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{3}+\tfrac{11}{4}\cdot\mathbf{e}_{5} \tag{Ex-24b}\\ \end{align}

The operator $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} \:$ leaves invariant the 2-dimensional eigenspace of $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ with eigenvalue $\:-\tfrac{1}{2}=\widetilde{m}_{3}=\widetilde{m}_{5}$, that is the subspace spanned by states $\:\left\lbrace \mathbf{e}_{3},\mathbf{e}_{5}\right\rbrace$. Its restriction on this subspace is represented by a real symmetric $\:2 \times 2\:$ matrix, so it has in this subspace two real eigenvalues which moreover are positive and different, see in the following.

$$\widehat{\mathbf{J}}^{\boldsymbol{2}} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cc|cccc} \frac{3}{4}& & & & & \\ &\frac{3}{4} & & & &\\ \hline & &\frac{15}{4}& & & \\ & & &\frac{15}{4}& & \\ & & & &\frac{15}{4}& \\ & & & & &\frac{15}{4} \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-25}$$ $$\widehat{J}_{\boldsymbol{1}} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cc|cccc} 0 & \tfrac{1}{2}& & & & \\ \tfrac{1}{2}&0& & & & \\ \hline & &0&\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0&0 \\ & &\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0&1&0 \\ & &0&1&0&\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \\ & &0&0&\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0 \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-25.1}$$ $$\widehat{J}_{\boldsymbol{2}} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cc|cccc} 0 &\!\!\!-i\tfrac{1}{2}& & & & \\ i\tfrac{1}{2} & 0& & & & \\ \hline & &0&\!\!\!\!-i\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0&0\\ & &\!\!\!i\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0&-i&0 \\ & &0&i&0&\!\!\!\!-i\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \\ & &0&0&\!\!\!i\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}&0 \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-25.2}$$ $$\widehat{J}_{\boldsymbol{3}} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{cc|cccc} \frac{1}{2}& & & & & \\ &-\frac{1}{2} & & & & \\ \hline & &\frac{3}{2}& & & \\ & & &\frac{1}{2}& & \\ & & & &-\frac{1}{2}& \\ & & & & &-\frac{3}{2} \end{array} \end{bmatrix} \tag{Ex-25.3}$$

Above matrix representations are with respect to the basis $\:\lbrace\mathbf{f}_{k}, k=1,2,3,4,5,6 \rbrace$ (see Table 2). \begin{align} \mathbf{f}_{1} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{1}{2}\;,+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{[1]}} =\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b}-\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.1}\\ \mathbf{f}_{2} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{1}{2}\;,-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{[1]}} =\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}-\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.2}\\ \mathbf{f}_{3} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{3}{2}\;,+\tfrac{3}{2}\right\rangle_{[2]}} = \left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.3}\\ \mathbf{f}_{4} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{3}{2}\;,+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{[2]}} =\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b}+\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!+\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.4}\\ \mathbf{f}_{5} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{3}{2}\;,-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{[2]}} =\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},+\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b}+\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}}\cdot\left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:0\:\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.5}\\ \mathbf{f}_{6} & = \mathbf{\left|\tfrac{3}{2}\;,-\tfrac{3}{2}\right\rangle_{[2]}} = \left|\tfrac{1}{2},-\tfrac{1}{2}\right\rangle_{\!a}\left|1,\:\!\!-\!1\right\rangle_{\!b} \tag{Ex-26.6} \end{align} Expressions are simplified by omitting the symbol $\;'\boldsymbol{\otimes}'\;$ in the product of states.

# THE END

#### @Frobenius 2017-07-08 09:12:15

T H I R D___ A N S W E R

(continued from S E C O N D___ A N S W E R )

SECTION B : Product Transformations

In this SECTION we'll try to define, in a consistent way, linear transformations in a product space from linear transformations in the component spaces.

So, let the $r$-dimensional complex Hilbert space defined by (04) $$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\xi}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{r}}: \boldsymbol{\xi}= \sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\mathbf{a}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} =\sum_{\imath=1}^{\imath=r}\xi_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}} \right\}, \quad r=2j_{\alpha}+1 \tag{04}$$ with basis $\lbrace\mathbf{a}_{\imath},\imath=1,2,\cdots,r\rbrace$ and a linear transformation $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ in this space represented relatively to the fore mentioned basis by the $r\times r$ matrix
$$\mathrm{A}=\lbrace a_{\imath \rho}\rbrace = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1 \rho} & \cdots & a_{1r} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2 \rho} & \cdots & a_{2r} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{\imath 1} & a_{\imath 2} & \cdots & a_{\imath \rho} & \cdots & a_{\imath r}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} & a_{r2} & \cdots & a_{r \rho} & \cdots & a_{rr} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{a}} \tag{32}$$ A vector $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ is transformed to $\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime}$ $$\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime} = \mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\xi}\:, \qquad \boldsymbol{\xi} \in \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \tag{33}$$ and by coordinates $$\xi^{'}_{\imath} = \sum_{\rho=1}^{\rho=r}a_{\imath \rho}\xi_{\rho} \tag{34}$$ Respectively, let the $s$-dimensional complex Hilbert space defined by (09) $$\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\equiv\left\{\boldsymbol{\eta}\in \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{s}}: \boldsymbol{\eta}= \sum_{\jmath=1}^{\imath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\mathbf{b}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} =\sum_{\jmath=1}^{\jmath=s}\eta_{\jmath}\boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right\}, \quad s=2j_{\beta}+1 \tag{09}$$ with basis $\lbrace\mathbf{b}_{\jmath},\jmath=1,2,\cdots,s\rbrace$ and a linear transformation $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ in this space represented relatively to fore mentioned basis by the $s\times s$ matrix

$$\mathrm{B}=\lbrace b_{\jmath \sigma}\rbrace = \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} & \cdots & b_{1 \sigma} & \cdots & b_{1s} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} & \cdots & b_{2 \sigma} & \cdots & b_{2s} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b_{\jmath 1} & b_{\jmath 2} & \cdots & b_{\jmath \sigma} & \cdots & b_{\jmath s}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b_{s1} & b_{s2} & \cdots & b_{s \sigma} & \cdots & b_{ss} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{b}} \tag{35}$$ A vector $\boldsymbol{\eta}$ is transformed to $\boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime}$ $$\boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime} = \mathrm{B}\boldsymbol{\eta}\:, \qquad \boldsymbol{\eta} \in \mathsf{H}_{\beta} \tag{36}$$ and by coordinates $$\eta^{'}_{\jmath} = \sum_{\sigma=1}^{\sigma=s}b_{\jmath \sigma}\eta_{\sigma} \tag{37}$$ Now, we construct the product states of initial and transformed states $$\boldsymbol{\chi} \equiv \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \tag{38}$$ $$\boldsymbol{\chi}^{\prime} \equiv \boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime} = \left( \mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes}\left( \mathrm{B}\boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \tag{39}$$ It's reasonable to think that the product state $\:\boldsymbol{\chi}^{\prime}\:$ comes from $\:\boldsymbol{\chi}\:$ by a linear transformation $\:\mathrm{C}\:$ in the $\:r\cdot s\:$-dimensional product space, as defined by (23), that is the complex Hilbert space $$\mathsf{H}_{f}\equiv \lbrace \; \boldsymbol{\chi} \; : \;\boldsymbol{\chi}=\sum_{k=1}^{k=rs}\chi_{k}\mathbf{e}_{k},\;\chi_{k} \in \mathbb{C} \rbrace \tag{23}$$ where the basis $\:\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,\cdots,rs\rbrace$ is constructed from the $\mathbf{a}$'s and $\mathbf{b}$'s as in equations (16) $$\mathbf{e}_{k} \equiv \mathbf{a}_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{b}_{\jmath}\: = \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\!-\!\imath\!+\!1 \boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\vert} j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\,,j_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\!-\!\jmath \!+\!1\boldsymbol{\rangle}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{16}$$ Indeed, from (39) $$\chi^{\prime}_{k} =\xi^{\prime}_{\imath}\eta^{\prime}_{\jmath} = \left(\sum_{\rho=1}^{\rho=r}a_{\imath \rho}\xi_{\rho}\right) \left( \sum_{\sigma=1}^{\sigma=s} b_{\jmath \sigma}\eta_{\sigma}\right)= \left( \sum_{\rho,\sigma=1,1}^{\rho,\sigma=r,s}a_{\imath \rho} b_{\jmath \sigma}\right) \xi_{\rho}\eta_{\sigma} \tag{40}$$ so making the substitutions of double indices with single ones as established by equations (20)

\begin{align} k & \: \longleftrightarrow \: (\imath,\jmath) \tag{41a}\\ \ell & \: \longleftrightarrow \: (\rho,\sigma) \tag{41b}\\ \chi^{\prime}_{k} & \:\longleftrightarrow \: \: \: \xi^{\prime}_{\imath}\eta^{\prime}_{\jmath} \tag{41c}\\ \chi_{\ell} & \:\longleftrightarrow \: \: \: \xi_{\rho}\eta_{\sigma} \tag{41d} \end{align} and defining $$c_{k \ell} = a_{\imath \rho} b_{\jmath \sigma} \tag{42}$$ equation (40) yields $$\chi^{\prime}_{k} = \sum_{\ell=1}^{\ell=rs}c_{k \ell}\chi_{\ell} \tag{43}$$ or $$\boldsymbol{\chi}^{\prime} \equiv \boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime} = \left( \mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes}\left( \mathrm{B}\boldsymbol{\eta}\right)= \mathrm{C}\left( \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right)= \mathrm{C}\boldsymbol{\chi} \tag{44}$$ The operator $\:\mathrm{C}\:$ is called the product operator of $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ and $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ $$\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} \tag{45}$$ and its representation relatively to basis $\:\lbrace\mathbf{e}_{k}, k=1,2,\cdots,rs\rbrace$ is the $\:rs \times rs\:$ matrix $$\mathrm{C}= \begin{bmatrix} c_{11} & c_{12} & \cdots & c_{1 \ell} & \cdots & c_{1(rs)} \\ c_{21} & c_{22} & \cdots & c_{2 \ell} & \cdots & c_{2(rs)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ c_{k 1} & c_{k 2} & \cdots & c_{k \ell} & \cdots & c_{k(rs)}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ c_{(rs)1} & c_{(rs)2} & \cdots & c_{(rs)\ell} & \cdots & c_{(rs)(rs)} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{e}} \tag{46}$$ its elements $\:c_{k \ell}\:$ given by equation (42).

Now, if we keep the ordering as in equations (20) then $\:c_{11}=a_{11} b_{11},\:c_{12}=a_{11} b_{12},\:\cdots, \:c_{1s}=a_{11}b_{1s},\:c_{1(s+1)}=a_{12}b_{11},\:\cdots\:$ and so given the matrix representations of $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ and $\:\mathrm{B}\:$, equations (32) and (35) respectively, we have the following $\:r \times r\:$ square $\:s \times s\:$ blocks for the matrix representation of $\:\mathrm{C}\:$ $$\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} =\lbrace c_{k \ell}\rbrace = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11}\mathrm{B} & a_{12}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{1 \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{1r}\mathrm{B} \\ a_{21}\mathrm{B} & a_{22}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{2 \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{2r}\mathrm{B} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{\imath 1}\mathrm{B} & a_{\imath 2}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{\imath \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{\imath r}\mathrm{B}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1}\mathrm{B} & a_{r2}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{r \rho}\mathrm{B} & \cdots & a_{rr}\mathrm{B} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{e}} \tag{47}$$ The definition of the product transformation is consistent with the composition of transformations, that is if $\:\mathrm{A}_{1},\:\mathrm{A}_{2}\:$ and $\:\mathrm{B}_{1},\:\mathrm{B}_{2}\:$ are transformations in spaces $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ and $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ respectively, then : $$\left(\mathrm{A}_{2} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{2}\right)\left(\mathrm{A}_{1} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{1}\right)= \left(\mathrm{A}_{2}\mathrm{A}_{1}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left( \mathrm{B}_{2}\mathrm{B}_{1}\right) \tag{48}$$ since for any $\:\boldsymbol{\xi}\in \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ and $\:\boldsymbol{\eta}\in \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ \begin{align} \left(\mathrm{A}_{2} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{2}\right)\left(\mathrm{A}_{1} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{1}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) & = \left(\mathrm{A}_{2} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{2}\right)\bigl[\left( \mathrm{A}_{1}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left(\mathrm{B}_{1} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right)\bigr] \nonumber\\ & = \bigl[\mathrm{A}_{2}\left(\mathrm{A}_{1}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right)\bigr] \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left[\mathrm{B}_{2}\left(\mathrm{B}_{1} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right)\right]=\left(\mathrm{A}_{2}\mathrm{A}_{1}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left(\mathrm{B}_{2}\mathrm{B}_{1}\boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \nonumber\\ & = \bigl[\left(\mathrm{A}_{2}\mathrm{A}_{1}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left( \mathrm{B}_{2}\mathrm{B}_{1}\right)\bigr]\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \tag{49} \end{align}

A linear transformation $\:\mathrm{C}\:$ in the product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ is not necessarily the product $\:\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\:$ of linear transformations on the components spaces $\:\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}\:$ and $\:\mathsf{H}_{\beta}\:$ respectively. To include all possible transformations on the product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{f}\:$ we think that any $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ on the $r$-dimensional space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ can be embed in a product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{S}\:$, where $\:\mathsf{S}\:$ any $s$-dimensional space, simply by its product with the identity $\:\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}\:$ on $\:\mathsf{S}\:$, yielding an one-to-one correspondence $$\mathrm{A} \;\text{ on }\; \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\longleftrightarrow} \left(\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}\right) \;\text{ on }\; \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{S} \tag{50}$$

Similarly, any $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ on the $s$-dimensional space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ can be embed in a product space $\:\mathsf{R} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$, where $\:\mathsf{R}\:$ any $r$-dimensional space, by its product with the identity $\:\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{R}}\:$ on $\:\mathsf{R}\:$, yielding an one-to-one correspondence

$$\mathrm{B} \;\text{ on }\; \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \boldsymbol{\longleftrightarrow} \left(\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{R}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right) \;\text{ on }\; \mathsf{R}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \tag{51}$$ Note that if the matrix representation of $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ relatively to a basis $\lbrace\mathbf{a}_{\imath},\imath=1,2,\cdots,r\rbrace$ is as in (32)
$$\mathrm{A}=\lbrace a_{\imath \rho}\rbrace = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1 \rho} & \cdots & a_{1r} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2 \rho} & \cdots & a_{2r} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{\imath 1} & a_{\imath 2} & \cdots & a_{\imath \rho} & \cdots & a_{\imath r}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1} & a_{r2} & \cdots & a_{r \rho} & \cdots & a_{rr} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{a}} \tag{32}$$ then from (47) we have the following representation by $\:r \times r \:$ blocks, each block with $\:s \times s \:$ elements : $$\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}= \begin{bmatrix} a_{11}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & a_{12}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & a_{1 \rho}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}& \cdots & a_{1r}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} \\ a_{21}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & a_{22}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & a_{2 \rho}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}& \cdots & a_{2r}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{\imath 1}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & a_{\imath 2}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & a_{\imath \rho}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}}& \cdots & a_{\imath r}\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{S}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{r1}\mathrm{I}_{S} & a_{r2}\mathrm{I}_{S} & \cdots & a_{r \rho}\mathrm{I}_{S} & \cdots & a_{rr}\mathrm{I}_{S} \end{bmatrix} \tag{52}$$ while if the matrix representation of $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ relatively to a basis $\lbrace\mathbf{b}_{\jmath},\jmath=1,2,\cdots,s\rbrace$ is as in (35) $$\mathrm{B}=\lbrace b_{\jmath \sigma}\rbrace = \begin{bmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} & \cdots & b_{1 \sigma} & \cdots & b_{1s} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} & \cdots & b_{2 \sigma} & \cdots & b_{2s} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b_{\jmath 1} & b_{\jmath 2} & \cdots & b_{\jmath \sigma} & \cdots & b_{\jmath s}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b_{s1} & b_{s2} & \cdots & b_{s \sigma} & \cdots & b_{ss} \end{bmatrix}_{\mathbf{b}} \tag{35}$$ then from (47) we have the following $\:r \times r \:$ diagonal representation with all diagonal blocks equal to $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ :
$$\mathrm{I}_{\mathsf{R}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}}& \cdots & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} \\ \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \mathrm{B} & \cdots & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & \mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}} & \cdots & \mathrm{B} \end{bmatrix} \tag{53}$$ where $\:\mathrm{O}_{\mathsf{S}}\:$ the $\: s\times s \:$ null matrix.

Now, if $\:\mathrm{A}\:$ and $\:\mathrm{B}\:$ are transformations on spaces $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ and $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ respectively then $\:\left(\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)\:$ and $\:\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right)\:$ are transformations on the product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$, moreover if we keep the two systems independent they commute and by (48) $$\left(\mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right) \left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right)= \mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} =\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right)\left(\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right) \tag{54}$$ Note that if in above equation we insert $\:\mathrm{B}=\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ then there is no inconsistency in the resulting equation $$\left(\mathrm{A}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right) \left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right)= \mathrm{A}\times \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} =\left(\mathrm{I}_{\alpha}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right)\left(\mathrm{A} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right) \tag{55}$$ since $$\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\equiv \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{f}} \tag{56}$$ where $\:\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\:$ the identity in $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$.

By the same reasoning, inserting in (54) $\:\mathrm{A}=\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ there is no inconsistency in the resulting equation $$\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right) \left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right)= \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B} =\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}\right)\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right) \tag{57}$$ The linear space of linear transformations on the product $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ is the set of all linear combinations $\:\mathrm{C}\:$ of product transformations $$\mathrm{C} = \sum_{\imath,\jmath}c_{\imath \jmath} \left(\mathrm{A}_{\imath}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathrm{B}_{\jmath}\right)\,, \qquad c_{\imath \jmath} \in \mathbb{C} \tag{58}$$ As a general remark : the operation $\:\left(\boldsymbol{\otimes}\right)\:$ combines two entities $\:\mathcal{M}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}},\:\mathcal{M}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ of the same kind ($\:\mathcal{M}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\:$=complex vector or linear space or linear transformation) of dimensionality, say $\:r\:$ and $\:s\:$ respectively, into a new entity $\:\mathcal{M}=\mathcal{M}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathcal{M}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ of dimension $\:r\cdot s$.

Now, differentiating (21) we have $$\mathrm{d}\chi_{k}=\mathrm{d}\left(\xi_{\imath}\cdot \eta_{\jmath}\right)=\left(\mathrm{d}\xi_{\imath}\right)\cdot\eta_{\jmath}+\xi_{\imath}\cdot\left(\mathrm{d}\eta_{\jmath}\right) \tag{59}$$ So, if in space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\:$ the state $\:\boldsymbol{\xi}\:$ undergoes an infinitesimal change $\: \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\xi\:}$ and in space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$ the state $\:\boldsymbol{\eta\:}$ undergoes an infinitesimal change $\: \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \boldsymbol{\eta\:}$, then in space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\:$ the product state $\:\boldsymbol{\chi}\:$ undergoes an infinitesimal change $\: \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}} \boldsymbol{\chi\:}$ where

$$\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\boldsymbol{\chi} =\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right)= \left(\mathcal{D}_{\alpha}\boldsymbol{\xi}\right) \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}+\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \left(\mathcal{D}_{\beta}\boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \tag{60}$$ that is $$\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}}\left(\boldsymbol{\xi}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\boldsymbol{\eta}\right)= \bigl[\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}+\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\bigr]\left( \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta} \right) \tag{61}$$
and finally $$\bbox[#E6E6E6,8px]{\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}}= \left(\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)+\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)} \tag{62}$$

#### @Frobenius 2017-07-09 06:34:09

F O U R T H___ A N S W E R

(continued from T H I R D___ A N S W E R )

SECTION C : Angular Momentum Coupling and Product Transformations

Let again the two systems $\alpha$ and $\beta$ with angular momentum $j_{\alpha}$ and $j_{\beta}$ respectively, independent between each other and living in the real space $\;\mathbb{R}^{3}$. Suppose also that both $j_{\alpha}$ and $j_{\beta}$ are integers corresponding to orbital angular momentum.

Now, let an infinitesimal rotation by angle $\;\delta \theta\;$ around an axis with unit vector $\;\boldsymbol{n}=\left(n_{1},n_{2},n_{3}\right)\;$. Since the $\;\boldsymbol{n}-$component of orbital angular momentum is the generator of rotations around this axis, the infinitesimal changes of states $\;\boldsymbol{\xi}\in\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\;$ and $\;\boldsymbol{\eta}\in\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\;$ due to this infinitesimal rotation are \begin{align} \delta \boldsymbol{\xi} & = i\, \delta\theta \,J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\, \boldsymbol{\xi} \tag{63a}\\ \delta \boldsymbol{\eta} & = i\, \delta\theta \, J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\, \boldsymbol{\eta} \tag{63b} \end{align} where for the $\;\boldsymbol{n}-$components of the vector operators we have \begin{align} J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}} & = \boldsymbol{n}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}}=n_{1}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{1}+n_{2}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{2}+n_{3}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3} \tag{64a}\\ J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}} & = \boldsymbol{n}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}}=n_{1}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{1}+n_{2}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{2}+n_{3}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3} \tag{64b} \end{align} If we intend to construct a consistent angular momentum operator $\;\mathbf{J}\;$ of the coupled system $\;f\;$ in the product space $\:\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\:$, then the infinitesimal change of the product state $\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right)$ must be $$\delta \left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) = i\, \delta\theta \,J_{\boldsymbol{n}}\,\left(\boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\otimes} \boldsymbol{\eta}\right) \tag{65}$$ where, as in equations (64) $$J_{\boldsymbol{n}} = \boldsymbol{n}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{J}=n_{1}J_{1}+n_{2}J_{2}+n_{3}J_{3} \tag{66}$$ So, replacing in equation (62), which is repeated here for convenience
$$\bbox[#E6E6E6,8px]{\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}}= \left(\mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)+\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right)} \tag{62}$$ the $\;\mathcal{D}\,$s with the following expressions of $\;J_{\boldsymbol{n}}\,$s \begin{align} \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}} & = i\, \delta\theta \, J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}} \tag{67a}\\ \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}} & = i\, \delta\theta \, J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}} \tag{67b}\\ \mathcal{D}_{\boldsymbol{f}} & = i\, \delta\theta \, J_{\boldsymbol{n}} \tag{67c} \end{align} we have $$\bbox[#FFFF88,5px,border:1px solid black]{J_{\boldsymbol{n}}= \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta} }\Bigr)+\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\right)} \tag{68}$$ Equation (68) is of fundamental importance and the starting point for coupling two angular momenta.

Now, we suppose that equation (68) is valid for any angular momenta $j_{\alpha}$ and $j_{\beta}$, orbital or spin, integer or half-integer.

We write above equation for the three axes of a coordinate system \begin{align} J_{1} & = \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{1}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{1}\Bigr) \tag{69a}\\ J_{2} & = \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{2}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{2}\Bigr) \tag{69b}\\ J_{3} & = \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\Bigr) \tag{69c} \end{align} formally expressed as $$\mathbf{J}= \Bigl(\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr) \tag{70}$$

Now we must check if this so constructed quantity $\:\mathbf{J}=\left(J_{1},J_{2},J_{3}\right)\:$ of the composite system is a consistent angular momentum and the criterion for this is the validation of the equation $$\mathbf{J}\boldsymbol{\times}\mathbf{J}= i \, \mathbf{J} \tag{71}$$ or by components \begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{2}}J_{\boldsymbol{3}}-J_{\boldsymbol{3}}J_{\boldsymbol{2}} & = i \, J_{\boldsymbol{1}} \tag{72a}\\ J_{\boldsymbol{3}}J_{\boldsymbol{1}}-J_{\boldsymbol{1}}J_{\boldsymbol{3}} & = i \, J_{\boldsymbol{2}} \tag{72b}\\ J_{\boldsymbol{1}}J_{\boldsymbol{2}}-J_{\boldsymbol{2}}J_{\boldsymbol{1}} & = i \, J_{\boldsymbol{3}} \tag{72c} \end{align} To prove equations (72), let find a general expression for $\:J_{\boldsymbol{n}}J_{\boldsymbol{k}}\:$, that is the product of the components of $\:\mathbf{J}\:$ parallel to the unit vectors $\:\mathbf{n}\:$ and $\:\mathbf{k}\:$ respectively. From equation (68) and the multiplication rule, equation (48), we have

\begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{n}}J_{\boldsymbol{k}} & = \Bigl[\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr)+ \Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\Bigr] \left[\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr)+ \left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\right)\right] \nonumber\\ & =\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr)\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\right) \nonumber\\ & + \Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr)\left(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\right) +\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}} \boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr) \tag{73} \end{align} so $$J_{\boldsymbol{n}}J_{\boldsymbol{k}} = \Bigl[\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\Bigr)\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\Bigr)\Bigr] +\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\Bigr) +\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr) \tag{74}$$ Permutation of $\:n\:$ and $\:k\:$ yields $$J_{\boldsymbol{k}}J_{\boldsymbol{n}} = \Bigl[\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\Bigr] +\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr) +\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}\Bigr) \tag{75}$$ Subtracting (75) from (74) $$J_{\boldsymbol{n}}J_{\boldsymbol{k}}-J_{\boldsymbol{k}}J_{\boldsymbol{n}}= \Bigl[\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}-J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}- J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{k}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{n}}\Bigr)\Bigr] \tag{76}$$ For $\:n=1\:$ and $\:k=2\:$ the general equation (76) gives \begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{1}}J_{\boldsymbol{2}}-J_{\boldsymbol{2}}J_{\boldsymbol{1}} & = \Bigl[\overbrace{\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}-J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\Bigr)}^{i \,J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}} }\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} \overbrace{\Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}- J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\Bigr)}^{i \,J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}}\Bigr] \nonumber\\ & = \Bigl[\Bigl(i \,J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\Bigr)\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr] +\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\Bigl(i\,J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\Bigr)\Bigr] \nonumber\\ & = i\,\Bigl[\Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr) +\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\Bigr)\Bigr] \nonumber\\ & = i \, J_{\boldsymbol{3}} \tag{77} \end{align} so proving (72c). By cyclic permutation of the indices, (72a) and (72b) are proved too.

For the treatment of the angular momentum we make use of equation (69c), repeated here for convenience: $$J_{3} = \Bigl(J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\Bigr)+\Bigl(\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes} J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{3}\Bigr) \tag{69c}$$ This relation has the advantage that if the matrices representing the components $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ and $\:J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ of the coupled systems are diagonal, then the matrix representing the component $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ of the composite system is diagonal too. Moreover its diagonal elements, that is its eigenvalues, are all possible sums $\;\left(m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) \;$ of the corresponding eigenvalues of its summands. These are the $\;\left(2j_{\alpha}+1\right)\cdot\left(2j_{\beta}+1\right)\;$ combinations of \begin{align} m^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & = j_{\alpha},j_{\alpha}\!\!-\!\!1,j_{\alpha}\!\!-\!\!2,\cdots,-\!j_{\alpha}\!\!+\!\!2,-j_{\alpha}\!\!+\!\!1,-\!j_{\alpha} \tag{77.1a}\\ m^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & = j_{\beta},j_{\beta}\!\!-\!\!1,j_{\beta}\!\!-\!\!2,\cdots,-\!j_{\beta}\!\!+\!\!2,-j_{\beta}\!\!+\!\!1,-\!j_{\beta} \tag{77.1b} \end{align}

But for the full treatment of the angular momentum we need the matrix representing the quantity $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}=J^{\boldsymbol{2}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}+J^{\boldsymbol{2}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}+J^{\boldsymbol{2}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ too. We'll find an expression of $\:\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}}\:$ convenient for the determination of its matrix, which isn't from the beginning diagonal as $\:J_{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ does.

So, inserting in equation (75) successively the pairs of values $\:(n,k)=(1,1)\:$, $\:(n,k)=(2,2)\:$ and $\:(n,k)=(3,3)\:$ we have respectively \begin{align} J_{\boldsymbol{1}}^{\boldsymbol{2}} & = \Bigl[\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\Bigr] +2\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\Bigr) \tag{78a}\\ J_{\boldsymbol{2}}^{\boldsymbol{2}} & = \Bigl[\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\Bigr] +2\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\Bigr) \tag{78b}\\ J_{\boldsymbol{3}}^{\boldsymbol{2}} & = \Bigl[\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\beta}}\Bigr]+\Bigl[\mathrm{I}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}\Bigr] +2\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\Bigr) \tag{78c} \end{align} Having in mind that \begin{align} \bigl(\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} & =\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} +\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}+\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} = j_{\alpha}(j_{\alpha}+1)\mathrm{I}_{\alpha} \tag{79a}\\ \bigl(\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} &=\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{1}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} +\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{2}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}}+\bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{3}}\bigr)^{\boldsymbol{2}} = j_{\beta}(j_{\beta}+1) \mathrm{I}_{\beta} \tag{79b}\\ \mathrm{I}_{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathrm{I}_{\beta} & \equiv \mathrm{I}_{f}=\text{identity in } \mathsf{H}_{f}=\mathsf{H}_{\alpha}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\mathsf{H}_{\beta} \tag{79c} \end{align} addition of equations (78) yields $$\mathbf{J}^{\boldsymbol{2}} =\bigl[ j_{\alpha}(j_{\alpha}+1)+ j_{\beta}(j_{\beta}+1) \bigr] \mathrm{I}_{f} +2\sum_{q=1}^{q=3}\Bigl( J^{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\boldsymbol{\otimes}J^{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{q}}\Bigr) \tag{80}$$ The first term in the right side of (80) is represented by a diagonal matrix as a scalar multiple of the identity. The second series term "destroys" this diagonal form.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Weyl Hermann : The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications (1950)
2. Schiff Leonard I. : Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3rd edition (1955)
3. Biedenharn L.C., Louck James D. : Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics, Addison-Wesley (1981)- Cambridge University Press (1984)
4. Louck James D. : Unitary Symmetry and Combinatorics, World Scientific (2008)
5. Louck James D. : Applications of Unitary Symmetry and Combinatorics, World Scientific (2011)

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(to be continued with an Example in FIFTH___ANSWER)